In complex supply chains today, intermediary organizations such as contract manufacturers and group purchasing organizations (GPO) are prevalent, and firms like Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) confer their purchasing and Procurement processes to such organizations. Because of their potential impact on the efficiency of supply chain, it is important to investigate the role of intermediaries in competitive supply chains. A prominent issue regarding intermediaries is whether an OEM can control components Procurement or confer this task to intermediary organizations. This article studies the equilibrium point between two competing OEMs for Procurement strategies for substitutable products. Each one of the OEMs may either procure directly its needs from the component supplier or devolve Procurement to a contract manufacturer. We analyze OEMs’ Procurement Stackelberg game under two contracting power cases in such a supply chain: the game of supplier, where the component supplier is the game leader, and the game of OEM, where the OEMs are the players that play the first move. We show that small OEM always prefers to control its Procurement functions. This is because it would receive a lower price if the component supplier were able to determine the price that discriminate the OEMs. By contrast, the bigger OEM’ s preference depends on the power of contracting. Under the supplier game, the bigger OEM never prefers procure directly, while under the OEM game it may have incentives to use direct Procurement under some conditions. This implies that if the market power shifts from the supplier to the OEMs, more OEMs turn from delegation towards direct control.

Since public Procurement involves such large amounts of money in various Procurement operations, it is imperative to ensure value for money (VfM), electronic Procurement is a modern tool through which value for money can be attained, this study determine the influence ofelectronic Procurement Strategy on Value for Money in construction project. Study used a cross section design to collect data from 160 employees from different department who were sampled based on their strata and by using questionnaire. The study found that reliability and speedy of electronic Procurement increases the efficiency of construction projects. The study concludes that electronic Procurement, is the key tools through in which, if utilized well the construction project in public organization will be efficiency, economy and effectively through trade discount and communication. Also, electronic Procurement increase transparency and to a large extent brought about simplicity of the work done despite of the challenge of network problem.

The benefits of Enterprise Systems (ES) are very varied and have been studied by scientists in this field over the years. But one aspect that is less noticed is the benefit result of the ES implementation in the Procurement process, which is very important to the contractor companies. The main objective and the purpose of this research are to address this important issue. Other objective of the study is to find out the main reason for accepting ES and to provide a benefit evaluation framework using the balanced scorecard framework. This article seeks to provide a framework using a full review of the literature, and the proposed framework will be assessed in the contractor company projects through action research Strategy and finally the benefit of the implementation will be offered. Except of localized definition of ES benefits framework and assessment of the benefits, the findings of present study includes the mixed research methodology with two positivism and interpretative approaches through two full cycles of action research.

Multi-label classification aims at assigning more than one label to each instance. Many real-world multi-label classification tasks are high dimensional, leading to reduced performance of traditional classifiers. Feature selection is a common approach to tackle this issue by choosing prominent features. Multi-label feature selection is an NP-hard approach, and so far, some swarm intelligence-based strategies and have been proposed to find a near optimal solution within a reasonable time. In this paper, a hybrid intelligence algorithm based on the binary algorithm of particle swarm optimization and a novel local search Strategy has been proposed to select a set of prominent features. To this aim, features are divided into two categories based on the extension rate and the relationship between the output and the local search Strategy to increase the convergence speed. The first group features have more similarity to class and less similarity to other features, and the second is redundant and less relevant features. Accordingly, a local operator is added to the particle swarm optimization algorithm to reduce redundant features and keep relevant ones among each solution. The aim of this operator leads to enhance the convergence speed of the proposed algorithm compared to other algorithms presented in this field. Evaluation of the proposed solution and the proposed statistical test shows that the proposed approach improves different classification criteria of multi-label classification and outperforms other methods in most cases. Also in cases where achieving higher accuracy is more important than time, it is more appropriate to use this method.

Public Procurement is process of supplying goods and services by Governments from the private sector. This process consists of several stages and because of conflict of interest public and private sector is vulnerable to corruption and misuse by Government. In this regard, one of the topics discussed at the global level, is integrity in public Procurement, which means the use of public resources in the public interest. Given the importance of public Procurement in the economy, government agencies and public institutions and also the vulnerability of various stages of providing public goods and services, calls for the prevention of dangers and threats against public Procurement is heard all the more louder. Principles and mechanisms of government funds can be better. In this paper, the concept and principles of integrity, public Procurement, principles, standards and procedures governing integrity promotion is discussed in public Procurement. The aim of this study is to evaluate the integrity of the public and the principles governing its public Procurement Integrity promotion to achieving the objectives of public Procurement.

The purpose of this study is to develop proposals for the introduction of ecological, digital, professional, innovation and social public Procurements in the national Strategy on E-Public Procurement Reform and the Strategy of Procurements on the company-customer level. The relevance of this study is due to the need to ensure the development of “smart”, sustainable, inclusive economy, which will help reduce unemployment, poverty, facilitate access for people with disabilities to work, create opportunities for the education of young people and adults, stimulate innovations, meet expectations of citizens, solve environmental problems, carry out digital transformations taking into consideration the best world practices. The share of public Procurements in expenditures of the state budget and gross domestic product of Ukraine, the dynamics of the Procurement’s participants in the B2G segment is evaluated. In Ukraine, the largest share of expenditures falls on security and social protection, however, the prosperity index in these categories is critical (“red” zone). In order to form The E-Public Procurement Strategy, the best world practices of introducing innovative, environmental and social Procurement criteria should be considered. Strategic directions of public Procurement, namely – ecological, digital, professional, innovation and social, which provide sustainable and inclusive development of economy, are proposed.